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Pope Benedict XVI leads his Wednesday general audience in Paul VI hall at the Vatican November 18, 2009. REUTERS/Tony Gentile (VATICAN RELIGION)
This further convinces European Protestants that Catholics are blood-thirsty!
Addressed internal problems, challenge of Protestants. Reformed policies to eliminate abuses. Forbade absenteeism, false indulgences, bribery. Required higher standards, education, supervision of clergy. Viewed as a counterattack against Reformation as a united Catholic church. Unsure or unhappy Catholics’ faith in Church reinvigorated.
The Catholic Church fought back against the rise of Protestantism. Council of Trent—ended the sale of indulgences, introduced Church reforms, began a Church ban of certain books. Inquisition—Tried and executed persons who were suspected of committing heresy (non-Catholic beliefs) Jesuits—new catholic order. Catholic rulers join with Pope in fighting Protestantism.
The Jesuits. Founded by Ignatius of Loyola. AKA the Society of Jesus. Recognized as religious order by Pope Paul III in Took vow of absolute obedience to pope. Used education to spread their message. Successful in restoring Catholicism to parts of Germany and eastern Europe, and spreading it to other parts of the world. Reform of the Papacy. Participation of Renaissance popes in Italian political and military affairs led to much corruption. Protestant Reformation showed Church it needed reform. Pope Paul III appointed Reform Commission in 1537 to determine Church’s problems. Commission blamed Church’s problems on the popes’ corrupt policies. Pope Paul III began the Council of Trent. Council of Trent. Began in March Group of cardinals, archbishops, abbots, and theologians met off and on for 18 years in city of Trent, on border between Germany and Italy. Final decrees of Council reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs. Selling of indulgences was forbidden. Gave Roman Catholic Church a clear body of doctrine (law) and was unified under pope’s supreme leadership.
Protestant Churches flourish and one religion NO longer unites Western Europe (ex: Calvinists, Presbyterians, Methodists, Huguenots, Amish, Baptists & Quakers) Monarchs gain power. Kings seize land, money and power once held by the Church. Catholic Counter-Reformation Sale of Indulgences is banned. St. Ignatius of Loyola founds Jesuit Order dedicated to education, missionaries and stopping spread of Protestantism. Inquisition uses violence to punish threats to papal authority. Council of Trent discusses reforms and agrees on many new doctrines. Paved way for the modern Nation-State. City-states and small kingdoms evolve and combine into Nation States. By 1650’s France, England, Spain become strongest. The political power of Roman Church was greatly reduced.
On the coast of northeast Italy, Venice was a major power in the medieval and early modern world, and a key city in the development of trade routes from the east to Europe. Its strategic position on the shores of the Adriatic Sea, within reach of the Byzantine Empire and traders from the Near East, allowed the city to become a hub of trade in the west, receiving goods from the east by sea and disseminating them into the growing European market. Founded in the 5th century AD, it was not until the 9th century that Venice started to become a major maritime power, profiting from trading rights granted by the Byzantine Empire. At the same time, the city became increasingly independent, developing as a city state with extensive maritime capacity throughout the Mediterranean. In the 11th century, military missions were sent out to subdue the pirates that threatened maritime trade along the Dalmatian coast. Venice grew in power after the sack of Constantinople by crusading forces in 1204 (4th Crusade), a campaign that was orchestrated by the Venetians, now wholly independent from the empire…
